Balancing Beauty and Ecology: Choosing Hummingbird-Friendly Native vs. Cultivar Plants for Your Garden
Introduction
Creating a garden that attracts and supports hummingbirds is an aspiration for many outdoor enthusiasts. These mesmerizing birds, known for their iridescent feathers and rapid wingbeats, are not only a joy to watch but also essential pollinators. However, gardeners often face a dilemma: should they plant native species or choose cultivated varieties (nativars) to achieve a hummingbird-friendly garden? This decision isn’t merely a matter of aesthetic preference; it has significant ecological implications.
Understanding Native vs. Cultivar Plants
Before diving into the benefits and drawbacks of native plants and cultivars, it’s crucial to understand what each term means:
Native Plants: These species naturally occur in a specific region without human intervention. They have evolved over millennia to thrive in local conditions and provide vital resources for local wildlife, including hummingbirds.
Cultivars (Nativars): These are cultivated varieties of native plants, selectively bred for specific traits such as color, bloom size, or resistance to disease. While they can offer unique benefits, they may not always support local wildlife as effectively as their wild counterparts.
Both plant types have roles to play in garden ecology, but understanding their benefits and limitations is key to maximizing their ecological function.
Research Insights
Pollinator Attraction
According to studies, not all cultivars are created equal when it comes to attracting pollinators. For instance:
- Open-pollinated cultivars like Asclepias tuberosa ‘Hello Yellow’ and Monarda fistulosa ‘Claire Grace’ support as many pollinators as their native wild-types.
- Veronicastrum virginicum ‘Lavendelturm’ has been found to attract more pollinators due to its extended bloom times and higher nectar content, a significant factor for gardens aiming to maximize ecological function.
These traits can be particularly beneficial, suggesting that certain nativars might offer advantages for hummingbird gardens.
Hummingbird Health
An essential concern when considering cultivars is how their nectar content affects hummingbirds. Studies indicate that some hybrids, such as Lobelia x speciosa, have decreased nectar and sugar content. This reduction can negatively impact hummingbird health by not providing the necessary energy levels these active birds require.
Floral Characteristics and Pollinator Habitat
Significant variations in color, size, or shape of nativars can impact their ecological service. For example:
- Nativars like Echinacea ‘Mac’n’Cheese’ may have less ecological service than their wild-type counterparts.
- However, research by Keith Nevison at the University of Delaware found that cultivars Phlox ‘Jeana’ and ‘Lavelle’ outperformed the native species in attractiveness due to easier nectar access and high nectar content.
This indicates that while some nativars may fall short in supporting pollinators, others can excel, particularly those mimicking the natural traits and functions of wild-types.
Genetic Variation and Resilience
One notable drawback of cultivars is their lack of genetic variation due to cloning techniques. This lack of diversity creates ecological vulnerability, making gardens susceptible to diseases and pests. The classic example is the rose cultivar Souvenir de la Malmaison, which lacks the resilience of diverse genetic backgrounds.
Gold Nugget Tips
For gardeners aiming to create a balanced and hummingbird-friendly sanctuary, consider these practical tips:
Extended Bloom Periods
Incorporate cultivars with longer bloom periods to provide consistent nectar sources. Veronicastrum virginicum ‘Lavendelturm’ is a superb example of a plant with extended blooms that can support pollinators over a longer timeframe.
Choose Wisely with Color and Form
Avoid cultivars with unusual colors or forms that deviate significantly from the wild-type. For instance, steer clear of Echinacea ‘Mac’n’Cheese’ if maintaining ecological benefits is a priority.
Mix and Match
Combine native plants with selected high-performing nativars. Cultivars like Phlox ‘Jeana’ and ‘Lavelle’ are ideal choices that can blend aesthetic appeal with ecological function, creating a balanced garden that supports pollinators effectively.
Prioritize Nectar Content
Focus on the nectar content and sugar levels of plants to meet hummingbirds’ dietary needs. For example, avoid hybrids like Lobelia x speciosa that have shown to provide inadequate nectar levels for hummingbirds.
Promote Biodiversity
Ensure a mix of species to provide genetic diversity and ecological resilience in your garden, which can help mitigate the vulnerabilities associated with monoculture planting.
Conclusion
Balancing native plants and cultivars in hummingbird-friendly gardening requires careful consideration of their benefits and limitations. By leveraging research-based insights and applying practical gardening tips, outdoor enthusiasts can create vibrant, sustainable gardens that not only attract hummingbirds but also support broader ecological functions. Embrace the diversity of native plants, incorporate high-performing nativars strategically, and prioritize nectar-rich species to build a thriving habitat for these incredible pollinators. Happy gardening!